Appendix
Reference materials
ESS total cost of ownership (reference values based on assumptions)
Assumptions: total ESS capacity 1 MWh / service life 30 years / standard cell life 15 years / IOP cell life 30 years
| Item | Standard LIB | LIB with IOP |
| Initial cost | ¥45.0M | ¥45.54M |
| Battery replacements (30 years) | 1 | 0 (no replacement needed) |
| Replacement cost after 15 years | ¥24.9M (battery + PCS) | ¥6.15M (PCS only) |
| 30-year TCO | ¥69.9M | ¥51.69M |
Using IOP separators reduces 30-year ESS TCO by 26% (a saving of ¥18.21M)
* With IOP separators, cell life is 30 years, so no battery replacement is needed (PCS replacement only).
* The added cost of IOP separators (¥540K) is included in the initial cost (internal estimate).
* IOP cell life is conservatively assumed at twice the standard (30 years).
IOP separator adoption evaluation process
For each application, we expect evaluation to take about 1–4 years, progressing from cell to pack to real-device evaluation.
| Application | Cell evaluation | Pack evaluation | Real-device evaluation |
Drones First target | High-C continuous discharge | High-C cycling | Installation on actual aircraft |
Power tools First target | High-current discharge | Drop and vibration | Fast-charge durability |
| Data centers | Short-term high-output characteristics, high-SOC life | Cabinet safety | Pilot evaluation |
| ESS (grid) | Initial characteristics, overcharge and short-circuit behavior | Propagation testing (fire spread), venting/detection/suppression design | Degradation under real operating SOC, review of anomaly detection logic |
| EVs (high-load) | Initial characteristics, basic safety | Fast-charge durability, high-temperature storage, low-temperature output, safety testing | Vehicle-equivalent durability, BMS control recalibration, high-SOC high-temperature storage degradation |
* Short evaluation periods are assumed for drones and power tools. Timelines are internal estimates and vary by customer, application, and standards. For agricultural machinery, evaluation steps and timelines will be set after confirming customer requirements.
Path to IOP market launch
PHASE 01Manufacturing process designProcess study and equipment installation
PHASE 02Sheet sample supplyResearch coater
PHASE 03Roll sample supplySingle-function machine
PHASE 04Mass-production supplyContinuous equipment installed; includes sales for packs and real-device integration in each application
* Each application moves to mass production after basic cell design and confirmation of mass-produced products. Timelines are internal estimates and vary by customer, application, and standards. For agricultural machinery, evaluation steps and timelines will be set after confirming customer requirements.